Criminal Liability And Felony Murder And Conspiracy

The defendant is homeless. One cold night in January, he breaks into a convenience store to stay warm. He sleeps comfortably for several hours. When he wakes up, he takes approximately $100 worth of food from the store. The defendant s criminal liability as it applies to the crimes of Burglary, Trespass and Larceny. The defendant was guilty of Trespassing and Burglary. When he entered the store and when he was in the store. He trespassed into a convenience store which, was someone else s private property. He was guilty on the charge of Burglary because He broke into a convenience store. Burglary is a criminal offense of breaking and entering of a building illegally. Also, charged with Larceny for Approximately taking $100 worth of food. Which, is the wrongful taking and carrying away of personal goods. With the intent to convert them into his use to eat the food. The scope of criminal liability for individuals charged with felony murder and conspiracy crimes.The constitution places a hold on someone who criminally liable for another s conduct. While vicarious criminal liability is criticized.. Under the long-standing felony murder doctrine, if John and Sal rob a bank and Sal shoots and kills a security guard, John can be held criminally liable for the murder. What if, however, John was not i nvolved in the robbery. But instead had a completely separate conspiracy with Sal to distribute cocaine? What relationship, if any, does the constitution require betweenShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment: Intent Makes the Difference Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesranging from criminal to civil. Below I will explain the difference of criminal and civil and give descriptions of the different types of crime and punishment in the two categories. What is a criminal crime or act? The definition of criminal is anyone who has committed a criminal offense (a crime against the state) or who has been proven guilty of such an offense. Criminal crimes have two types of charges, misdemeanors and felonies. A misdemeanor is an offense less serious than a felony and whichRead MoreForensic Science Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesall ink, paper, and the arrangement and appearance of printed matter. Studying of the firing, flight, and effects of ammunition techniques are used to identify weapons as well as voice identification techniques are used to identify criminals (par. 3) Italian, Fortunatus Fidelis, was the first person to practice modern forensic medicine in 1598. Then, in the 19th century, observations led to the discovery that contact between someones hands and a surface left barelyRead MoreWalter Sobchak Should Be Charged Under New York Penal Law 125.25 Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesbe charged under New York Penal Law 125.25, which is murder in the second degree. 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Moreover, with the vast amount of resources at their disposal, organized crime groups (OCGs) have â€Å"procured† the best â€Å"brains† and acquire the most sophisticated and advancedRead MoreThe And Historical Background Of Criminal Law1841 Words   |  8 Pagesis defined as the body of rules of conduct created by the government and enforced by government authority. Without any rules or behaviour, life in a group would be difficult, if not impossible. In order to master crimina l law, there must be an understanding of the context in which criminal law exists. The United States has a system of law derived from the English system of Common Law. As the original English settlers arrived in the new world, they brought with them a well-developed system of justiceRead MoreCommercial Liens - a Potent Weapon Essay32374 Words   |  130 PagesDefinition †¢ Different Types of Liens †¢ Comparisons †¢ Liens vs. Levies Chapter 4 †¢ Procedure and Implementation †¢ Research †¢ Notice and Demand †¢ Notice of Default †¢ Commercial Lien †¢ Lawsuits and Criminal Complaints Chapter 5 †¢ Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid †¢ Defective Legal Form and Procedure †¢ Hanson-type or Nebulous Liens †¢ Aiming Too High †¢ Beware of Exotic Arguments Chapter 6 †¢ ObstaclesRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 Pagespurpose of evasion; so help me God. ILLEGAL ALIEN †¢ An illegal alien is a foreigner who (1) does not owe allegiance to our country; and (2) who has violated our laws and customs in establishing residence in our country.   He or she is therefore a criminal under applicable U.S. laws. †¢ The term illegal alien is used by U.S. citizens who believe that noncitizens entering our country must comply with our immigration laws.   †¢ The term illegal alien is predicated upon U.S. immigration law which requiresRead MoreLegal Studies8128 Words   |  33 Pagescontemporary examples, students investigate criminal law, processes and institutions and the tension between community interests and individual rights and freedoms. Themes and challenges to be incorporated throughout this topic: †¢ the role of discretion in the criminal justice system †¢ issues of compliance and non-compliance in regard to criminal law †¢ the extent to which law reflects moral and ethical standards †¢ the role of law reform in the criminal justice system †¢ the extent to which the

The Bourne Identity Book and Film Comparison Essay

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx English Lit. and Composition 16 December 2013 Book and Film Comparison The Bourne Identity Robert Ludlum Richard Marek Publishers; First Edition edition (1980) Setting The setting of the novel takes place largely in Europe. The story opens in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of France. The story moves throughout France largely in Paris. Zurich, Switzerland is also a major setting. New York City and Washington, D.C. also play lesser but important roles. The story ends in the upper west side of Manhattan in New York City. Other parts of the world are alluded to as well, especially Southeast Asia. Point of view/ person: The point of view is written in the first person, however, the point of view†¦show more content†¦With Maries reluctant help, Bourne edges closer to the truth, something CIA officials want concealed at all costs. The Bourne Identity co-stars Chris Cooper, Clive Owen, Brian Cox, and Julia Stiles. ~ Karl Williams, Rovi III. Effectiveness/ Success of the Adaptation: It would be futile to compare this movie with the book, as the movie ignores most of the plot in the book, only keeping the element of an amnesiac agent. Although they share a name, The Bourne Identity by Robert Ludlum and its movie adaptation have very little to nothing in common. (see Fig 1.0) Compared side-by-side, the movie will hardly cover the first 3 chapters of the book. The book describes a man who is found shot in the ocean without his memory. He is saved by a couple of men and taken to a doctor on land who helps him regain his strength and begin to remember his past. The man travels to Zurich because of a negative found implanted in his body that leads to a bank. There, he is ambushed by enemies he knows not, and with the help of an unwilling woman named Marie St. Jacques he escapes. The man, whose name is discovered to be Jason Bourne, and Marie fall in love and end up in Paris. Variances between movie and book In the Book In the MovieShow MoreRelatedFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 Pagessalvation to self-realization: Advertising and the therapeutic roots of the consumer culture, 1880-1930. In The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 18801980, ed. by Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, New York: Pantheon Books, 1-38. Reprinted with the permission of the author. 1On or about December 1910, Virginia Woolf once said, human character changed. This hyperbole contains a kernel of truth. Around the turn of the century a fundamental cultural transformationRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesglobalization on cultural integration in the Czech Republic, there of few textbooks, which have dealt with this topic. Secondly, even with the few ones, some there were mostly in other languages like the Czech language. So due to the scarcity on text books on the topic and the hindrance to consult some of the available ones most of the materials were been extracted from official websites like the Czech Statistics Office, Eurostat, the Ministry of Youths and Sports. Another constraint on the researchRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 Pagesnovel â€Å"Jane Eyre† and analyze choice of epithets from his novel applying the received knowledge. In Conclusions we summarize the results which were obtained while carrying out our research. In Bibliography we propose the list of the consulted books with the names of their authors and years of their edition. The research done testifies to the great role of epithets in the creation of imaginativeness, expressiveness, evaluativeness as the basis for exposing of narrator’s attitude towards theRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesComputer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999

Ethics and Amtrak Free Essays

The Amtrak case study is a horrible accident that occurred in 1993. I feel the entire cause of the accident was a series of events that could not have been known. The stakeholders in this care are the Amtrak employees, customers and land owners of the railway lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Amtrak or any similar topic only for you Order Now The biggest interest of the stakeholders would be loss of life. No one wants to be involved with the loss of a human life. And I am sure there are several financial reasons for the interest, as well. To begin with, corporate social responsibility functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. The legal obligation Amtrak has is to provide a safe service for its customers. They need to show the customers that they put every effort into providing a safe and dependable service. Economically Amtrak needs to clear up this disaster and correct the problems so the customers will continue to use Amtrak. If this situation is not handled correctly it could have ruined the company. Ethically Amtrak needs to seriously improve it tracking and emergency response procedures. When they couldn’t really determine where the train, in my opinion, was the biggest problem with the EMS reaching the crash. Philanthropic is showing concern for humanity, especially by performing charitable actions such as donating money. I feel if Amtrak agreed to pay for the services of the people who died in the accident, that would be a good start. Finally, my recommendation for this case is simple. Figure out what went wrong and what went right. Correct all the wrongs and make sure the corrections stay in place. They also need to determine some type of checks and balances for these new procedures. I understand accidents happen, but, Amtrak needs to take every precaution to ensure this does not happen again. I feel if the current managers and supervisors had a stronger sense of morals this accident would have been much easier to deal with. In fact, this accident might not have happened if the current administration had enforced stricter rules. I also feel that a situation like this can destroy a transportation company if it’s not handled properly. The company needs to get the customers confidence back at any cost, because no customers no revenue. I feel Amtrak has a long way to go to repair the faults in their company, however at least admitting they need help or have problems is the first step in correcting the issues. How to cite Ethics and Amtrak, Papers

Aggression Management Communication Framework

Question: Discuss about the Aggression Managementfor Communication Framework. Answer: Introduction Behavioural Communicationcan be described as the psychological construct that has an influence in differences exhibited by individuals when expressing their thoughts, needs, or feelings. More specifically, behavioural communication refers to the tendency of people to express their thoughts, needs, and feelings through behavioural impacts or indirect messages (Ivanov Werner, 2010). Any behaviour or the absence of it when it is expected, may be perceived as being communicative if its intention is to convey a message. The behavioural communication construct is viewed as an individual differences variable. What this means is that some people tend to engage in behavioural communication more than others and do so unconsciously or consciously inspite of the them having the option of using verbal communication(Ivanov et al., 2010)This paper will look at aggression management; the characteristics of aggressive communicators; and strategies of handling intimidating, controlling, and aggressiv e peoples. The case scenario 1 is used in discussing the framework Communication Framework The communication framework that will be discussed in this paper is aggression management in relation to case scenario 1. This framework is appropriate as it offers strategies that the nurse can use in dealing with the aggressive relative. Ni (2014) offers some strategies that a person can utilize in handling an intimidating, controlling, and aggressive person. The strategies proposed include maintaining composure, keeping options open and maintaining one's distance, depersonalizing and shifting from being reactive to proactive, knowing one's fundamental human rights, putting the spotlight on the aggressor to reclaim one's power, displaying superior composure, and setting consequences to compel the aggressor to cooperate (Ni, 2014). In this scenario however some of the negative strategies are inapplicable for example , displaying superior composure, and setting consequences to compel the aggressor to cooperate. By avoiding these negative strategies, the nurse will be able to put at b ay any further confrontations and aggressive behaviour and the necessary communication will be made with regard to the young man's health status and what the hospital staffs is doing about it. Scenario Analysis In the scenario, a young man is brought to the ED having sustained serious head injuries from a fall. The patient goes into a coma and is on his way to be transferred to the ICU. It is during that time that the nurse goes to inform the patient's relatives of his health status and meets a couple who she presumes to be the siblings to the patient. The relatives become aggressive and demand to be told why the hospital had not provided them with any information via phone about the patient's condition. They also invade the nurse's personal space and go ahead and poke her at the shoulder as they shout at her and talk rudely. This is a display of aggression which is described as behaviour that is harmful which is in violation of social conventions and includes deliberate intention to hurt something or someone. Aggression is sub categorized into two areas that are homogenous and which are founded on statistical analysis such as factor analysis. The two main sub types of aggression are referr ed to as covert and overt. Overt aggression is expressed outwardly and is the open acts of confrontation such a fighting physically, bullying, or verbal threats (Putallaz, Grimes, Foster,et al., 2007). On the other hand, as the name suggests, covert aggression is more surreptitious and hidden and includes acts such as arson, truancy, and stealing (Simon, 2010). In this case scenario, the relatives to the patient exhibits covert aggression as they invade the nurse's space and pokes her on the shoulder as he talks to her. The two sub categories of aggression can be classified further as either maladaptive or adaptive. Adaptive aggression is viewed as appropriate and occurs in the interest of protection of one's integrity or for the survival of an individual (Mind and culture, 2011). An example of an adaptive aggression would be a child who steals food out of hunger in order to eat, or a young person who engages in fights to protect his possession from being stolen by bullies. On the contrary, aggression that is maladaptive does not defend or protect an individual rather, this form of aggression occurs where social cues antecedents are lacking and takes place in various diverse contexts(Pappadopulos, E., Rosato, N. S., Correll, et al., 2011). The frequency, intensity, and duration that the aggressive behaviour takes place are also often disproportionate to the apparent cause of the aggression(Jensen, Builtelaar, Pandina et al., 2007). In this case scenario, the relatives are exhibiting maladaptive agg ression where their reaction to the situation is not in proportion to the apparent aggression. The reaction by the relatives is not in their own defense neither does it seek to protect them, rather, they become aggressive to relay a message which they could have done with alternative verbal communication. Social boundaries are violated by aggressive behavior (Healthline, 2016; Buckholtz, 2015). This is exemplified in the scenario when the relatives begin to poke the nurse's shoulder. The aggressive behavior can be secretive or obvious (Whitson,2013). The relatives make their aggression obvious by talking loudly, rudely, and invading the nurse's personal space. Aggression is a subject that is complex mainly because what one person perceives to be acceptable behavior in expressing frustration and anger may be contrary to another person's perception. The theory of frustration-aggression proposes that frustration drives aggression and infers that individuals will most likely respond with aggression to situations that hinder them from attaining their goals (Grinell, 2016). The relatives in this case scenario were frustrated at not getting what they considered sufficient information with regard to what happened to the patient, the patient's current health status, and any other relevant info rmation. Some of the emotional expressions of aggression include: feelings of powerlessness and frustration; impatience; anger; restlessness; hostility; anxiety or depression; and feelings of being upset(Lakeland Behavioral Health, 2015). The relatives were hostile, impatient, angry, and frustrated and expressed these emotions by talking loudly and rudely to the nurse in addition to getting physical with her. The downside of such aggressive behavior is that it leads to severed relationships as people tend to avoid confrontations with aggressive people. The relatives of the patient were talking loudly and were heard by others; the most likely thing that will happen is that the hospital staff will avoid any contact with them in an attempt to avoid any embarrassing situations arising. Effective Communication for Aggression management Three strategies will be most appropriate in this case scenario and which the nurse can apply effectively. The first is to maintain her composure and not get upset at the unwarranted aggression meted on her. Aggressive people tend to push people to the edge in an attempt to hurt and anger them to react (DeWall, Baumeister, Stillman et al., 2007). By so doing, an aggressive person will seek to take advantage of the recipient and exploit his/her weakness( Denson, Capper, Oaten al., 2011) .By being less reactive, the nurse will be able to use her better judgment in handling the situation. The nurse can count from 1 to 10 before giving an answer to any questions she is asked and avoid saying what she may later regret (Ni, 2014). If she does feel extremely upset, she can tell the relatives that she will get back to them with the answers they are seeking. The second strategy will be to keep her distance as well as options open (Ni, 2014). Time is of essence to the nurse and not all aggressive situations are worth spending unnecessary time over. Unless anything valuable or informative can be added to the conversation, the nurse should not spend any time than necessary with the patent's relatives. Keeping her distance and avoiding any form of engagement unless it is of highest priority should be the step the nurse takes. If the relatives persist in following her around after the initial meeting, the nurse can look for other options such as talking to her supervisor and explain the situation; her personal well-being should be the first priority. Once she is able to create the healthy distance, the third step will be to depersonalize herself and become proactive rather than reactive.(Ni, 2014). The nurse can do this by trying to view the situation from the patient' relatives' perspective. The nurse will inform the relatives of any notable or significant changes or information at the right time and do so in a brief but detailed way. By so doing, she will cover all important points in the short brief to minimize the chances of too many questions and heightened emotions by the relatives. Also, by giving the relatives only the necessary details in a timely manner, she will ease their anxiety and at the same time, the relatives will eventually learn that it is not necessary for them to continuously aggravate themselves or others at the hospital. Conclusion Every person is different but what is common among all people is communication. How one chooses to communicate a message is upon one's discretion. What one perceives to be acceptable behaviour in expressing themselves while communicating, can be viewed as being offensive to another person. While there are those that may choose to be passive communicators, there are those who are aggressive and often break social barriers. In this case scenario, the relatives of a young man demonstrated aggressive behaviour in expressing their frustration toward the hospital's information dissemination with regard to the young man's health status. This paper has offered some strategies that the nurse can adopt in dealing with aggressive people. The three strategies recommended include maintaining her composure and when she feels overwhelmed, she can excuse herself and inform the relatives that she will get back to them with more information. The second step is to keep her distance and options open. Sh e should consult with her supervisor if the situation gets out of hand. The final step is to depersonalize herself and become proactive; giving vital information at the right time to the relatives. References Buckholtz JW. (2015). Social norms, self-control,and the value of antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 3:1229. Denson TF, Capper MM, Oaten M, Friese M, Schofield TP.(2011). Self-control training decreases aggression in response to provocation in aggressive individuals. Journal of Research in Personality. 2011;45:2526. DeWall CN, Baumeister RF, Stillman TF, Gailliot MT.(2007). Violence restrained: Effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2007;43(6276). Grinnell, R. (2016). Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.Psych Central. Retrieved on April 19, 2017, from https://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/frustration-aggression-hypothesis/ Healthline (2016). Aggressive Behaviour. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.healthline.com/health/aggressive-behavior#overview1 Ivanov, M Werner, P (2010) Behavioral communication: Individual differences in communication style. Personality and Individual Differences: 49(1), pp. 1923 Jensen P. Builtelaar J. Pandina G. Binder R. Reyes M. Management of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with atypical antipsychotics.Eur J Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2007a;16:104120. Lakeland Behavioral Health (2015) Aggression Effects, Signs Symptoms. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.lakelandbehavioralhealth.com/co-occurring/aggression/signs-effects-symptoms Mind and Culture (2011). Is aggression adaptive? (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://mindandculture.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/is-aggression-adaptive/ Ni, P (2014). How to Successfully Handle Aggressive and Controlling People. (Retrieved on 19th April, 2017). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/communication-success/201409/how-successfully-handle-aggressive-and-controlling-people Pappadopulos, E., Rosato, N. S., Correll, C. U., Findling, R. L., Lucas, J., Crystal, S., Jensen, P. S. (2011). Experts Recommendations for Treating Maladaptive Aggression in Youth.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,21(6), 505515. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2010.0128 Putallaz, M., Grimes, C. L., Foster, K. J., Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., Dearing, K. (2007). Overt and Relational Aggression and Victimization: Multiple Perspectives within the School Setting.Journal of School Psychology,45(5), 523547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.05.003 Simon, G.K (2010). In sheep's clothing: understanding and dealing with manipulative people. A. J. Christopher Company .Arkansas, US. Whitson, S (2013) Confronting Passive Aggressive Behavior: Strategies to identify and change hidden hostility in a relationship. (Retrieved in 19th April, 2017). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/passive-aggressive-diaries/201305/confronting-passive-aggressive-behavior

Union or Not

The workers’ union plays a great role in the workplace. Lack of union in the plant that SNCC is purchasing will automatically have disparities in the company. This is because of the nature of roles played by unions in companies. They ensure a positive function in addressing and preventing familial abuse via intervention and training.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Union or Not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most work places, domestic abuse is one of the union agenda since it is majorly a public health issue, family issue, workplace issue, social justice issue and a community issue. This paper seeks to discuss the role of unions in workplace and their relationship with the human resources and management. Lack of union in the SNCC plant will therefore have disastrous impact in the company as a whole. This is because unions are vital in helping its members stay healthy, employed and safe so that they may remain self sufficient economically and retain their dignity (Phanindra, 2009). Various business issues are associated with unions. The absence of a union in a workplace may result into adverse effects in the company. Without the union, issues such as fear, embarrassment, and workplace gossip, abuse of rights, exploitation, demonization, workplace conflict and low self esteem among other issues may arise due to lack of protection by the union. In situations where there is a union, positive issues results. Employers and employees would to thing such as: understand that embarrassment and fear can prevent a member from talking concerning job issues, respect the rights of the members and their decisions, daunt workplace gossip, enlighten the member about the role of the union on their confidentiality, assistance and their non judgmental support, consider reassignment of jobs, refer members to unions, recognize retirees, develop unions resolutions, make public statements against vio lence and safety, negotiate supportive contract language and sponsor workshops concerning domestic violence (Noe et al., 2010).. In case the new plant had a union, the union would be subjected to play multiple roles in ensuring success of the company as far as the company employees and operations are concerned. The union would perform functions such as: negotiating collective agreement, the union would bargain for the terms and conditions that would be considered in employment of the workers in the bargaining unit; consulting and informing, the union would be informed and consulted on the recruitment decisions made by the company concerning collective redundancies, transfers and pension schemes; representing employees at grievance hearing and disciplinary, where there is a situation concerning discipline, the union would accompany workers to the committee for hearings; and partly or non unionized workers, here the union is obliged to inform the company about those workers who have s ince withdrawn from membership. The company is also obliged to inform the union about those members who cannot be part of the union (Boeri, 2007).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relationship that would exist between management, human resources, and the union if the new plant had a union would be a healthy and friendly one concerning the workers and the workplace. The management and the human resources both have roles and responsibilities towards the union. The union representatives may be part of your employees and therefore considerable time off for their union duties should be awarded to allow them execute their administrative duties. The relationship between the union and the management should be consultative in that either of them informs and consults each other on matters concerning development of their interests and changes that are to be implemented in the com pany. This enables the workers to adopt the stated changes without much opposition. The two could also enjoy a mutual relationship where the management allows the union to use the company facilities in their administrative functions (Noe et al., 2010). In summary, the role of both the management and the union are directed towards a common goal. Achieving the objectives of the company and satisfying the needs of the workers. This paper has illustrated the role of unions at workplace and the relationship between the union, human resources and the management. References Boeri, T. (2007). Role of Unions. London: Prentice Hall. Noe, R. et al. (2010). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. London: McGraw-Hill. Phanindra, V. (2009). The Role of Union in Workplace. New York: Cengage.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Union or Not specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proposal on Union or Not was written and submitted by user Sons of the Tiger to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get the Most Out of ACT Math Practice Questions

How to Get the Most Out of ACT Math Practice Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Now that you’ve gathered together all your ACT math study materials, it’s time to put together a plan of attack. Having the right study materials is key, but understanding how to use them to their best effect is just as important. (What good is a tool wielded improperly, after all?) We’ve put together a comprehensive plan on how to make use of your ACT math study materials and boost your math score. We’ll walk you through how to best use your math practice problems and how to make the best study plan possible to prepare yourself for test day. Importance of Using Proper ACT Study Materials Before we talk about how to use your study material, it’s important to make sure you have the best material possible from which to work. Unfortunately, the internet is teeming with â€Å"ACT study materials† of questionable quality, and using this material as a resource is more likely to hinder you than help you. Using poorly designed study material will give you a false sense of how you’ll do on the real ACT (whether better or worse), which is not helpful for your study time and test prep. The most accurate and highest quality study material will come from ACT, Inc. itself. After that, only prep programs that use and truly base their questions off this material are worth your time. We have gathered together all the best free ACT study material and practice problems, so definitely start there for all your ACT math practice problem needs. Ready, set, let's go! How to Begin - Identifying Your Current Strengths and Weaknesses Before you tailor your study plan to your needs, you must first find your current strengths and weaknesses by running a diagnostic on your current performance. Step 1: Take a Practice Test If you haven’t taken one already, start by taking a full practice test. This will give you the best sense of your current projected score and percentile rank. Though you may be more focused on improving your math score right now, you will still need to take a full test so that you can best replicate a real testing environment. Not only will taking a full test show you your current strengths and weaknesses, but it will also show you how your math scores fit into your larger test-taking picture. The ACT is a marathon, and your scores will fluctuate depending on your energy and concentration levels over the course of the entire test. So you’ll only get a full picture of your current levels per topic if you take the complete test all together. This is a baseline, so be honest. Only then will you be able to tell where you’re starting and how far you have to go. So take it as you would the real test, adhere to the timing rules and don’t stop and look things up. As you go through, make sure to also mark your test- put a mark any time you feel unsure about a question and cross out any eliminated answer options. This will help you to identify patterns in your overall test-taking later. Step 2: Examine Your Test-Taking Patterns Once you’ve corrected your practice test, look at your spread of right and wrong answers. Are there any patterns to the distribution? There are two general ways to categorize your mistakes: by location on the test and by content. If you can organize your errors accordingly, it will help you understand why you're missing questions and make a study plan to address your weaknesses. The ACT math section is 60 questions, and they are arranged in ascending order of difficulty, which means that location-specific errors are generally errors due to difficulty. To spot patterns of location-based errors, ask yourself whether you are: Missing questions over the entire math section, seemingly evenly throughout? Missing several questions in the 1-20 range? (Though it is normal to miss some or even several questions on the overall ACT math section, try to carefully analyze and improve upon your mistakes in this range. The earlier questions will be the quickest and "simplest" to solve and so will net you a nice cushion of points if you can grab them.) Missing questions in a cluster around the 30-40 marker? (This is where the test transitions from "easy" to "medium-level" difficulty and that transition can trip many students up.) Missing questions mostly in the 40-60 range? (This is the transition from "medium" to "medium-high" difficulty.) Missing questions mostly in the 50-60 range? (This is the "highest" difficulty range and so is tough for the vast majority of students.) You may also be getting questions wrong by topic. Though math topics on the ACT tend to cluster in certain locations (for example, more algebra questions appear at the beginning of the test than they do at the end), you will also find each topic scattered throughout the test (more on this in our ACT Math question distribution guide). As such, you must look at each of your errors closely in order to see if there is a topic-specific pattern to your errors. To spot trends in content errors, ask yourself whether you are: Getting all or most questions wrong in a particular topic, no matter where the questions are located in the test? (E.g., are you missing all triangle questions, whether they are appear as question 5 or question 50?) Getting questions wrong by topic only in the medium or high level difficulty? (For instance, can you solve "easy" slope questions, but miss all the "difficult" slope questions?) Having a seemingly even spread of right and wrong answers by topic throughout the test? (If you answered questions 12 and 48 on functions correctly, but missed question 20, it may have less to do with your understanding of functions as a topic and more to do with the phrasing of the question or the speed at which you were taking the test. Take a careful look at each problem to see if you can spot the pattern.) The less familiar you are with a particular math topic, the harder it will be to answer the variety of problems on it that you’ll see on the ACT. Take a look at our individual math guides for topic-specific help and practice questions for any of your ACT math topic problem areas. Most people will start out their ACT practice by missing a combination of location-specific and topic-specific questions, so don’t worry if your pattern starts out this way too. As you get more and more used to both the material and the way the ACT tests this material, you’ll narrow your range of wrong answers and increase your accuracy in both fields. Step 3: Make a List of Your ACT Math Strengths and Weaknesses Now that you’ve looked at your test-taking patterns, make a list on a separate piece of paper of all the math topics in which you missed questions. (For reference, we have put together a complete list of ACT math topics.) In addition to the topics missed, make a list of the types of errors you made. Why do this? There is a big difference between types of errors on the ACT math test- not knowing how to approach a question at all is very different than misreading a question. You’ll need to examine exactly what kinds of errors you’ve made so that you can learn to avoid them in the future. Finding the wrong variable or final value This is one of the most common errors, especially on problems where you must find an "unusual" final answer. For instance, the problem may ask you to find the value of x + y for your final solution, when your natural instinct is to find the value of x or y alone. Misreading the question This can include misreading any value or variable in the overall question or simply misreading what the question is asking you to do. For example, in a word problem, did you mix up "Andy" and "Amelia"? Did you read "subtract" as "square"? It is easy to make assumptions or to mix up similar words if you're going too quickly through your problems. Stopping your solve too early or too late In a problem that requires multiple steps, you may accidentally find yourself stopping a step or two too early or going a step or two too far. For instance, if you need to find the 10th number in a sequence and you're counting by hand, you might accidentally find the 9th or th number in the sequence instead. Many answer choices are generated by this type of error, so be extra cautious in only taking the exact number of steps necessary. Running out of time If you run out of time in the math section, you will likely start making several errors either because you didn't have time enough to solve the question properly or you didn't even have time to look at the question. Not knowing how to approach the question at all Whether it's the wording of the question or the math topic involved, sometimes you'll find yourself completely flummoxed. You may not know how to set up the solve to the problem in the slightest, or you may try and fail to set up the solve. Either way, this is a problem that you simply don't know how to approach. Mixing up or forgetting your formulas You will NOT be given any formulas, so it can be easy to misremember or mix up your formulas in your head if you aren't vigilant. If you need to find the area of a circle, make sure you're using the area formula and not the circumference formula. Note: don’t take â€Å"careless errors† like misreading the question lightly! It is easy to think that you wouldn’t make such an obvious mistake next time, but don’t underestimate the effects of adrenaline and exhaustion on your thinking patterns. With practice and diligence, you can avoid making these kinds of mistakes, but you must dedicate yourself to being very careful. Always double check to make sure your answer matches exactly what the test is asking you to find. Got all your ducks in a row? Excellent! How to Proceed - Using ACT Math Practice Questions to Raise Your Score Now that you’ve got your baseline, how do you use your practice material to raise your score? Let’s take a look. #1: Take a look at your list of strengths and weaknesses and brush up on those math topics that lie in your weak zone. If you’re simply unfamiliar with a particular math topic, then practicing problem after problem isn’t going to help all that much. You would never walk into French 4 without taking French 1, and math is exactly the same. So don’t dive off the deep end of polygon problems if you’re unfamiliar with their basic principles. For every topic on the ACT, you must first understand both the ins and outs of the particular math topic as well as how you’ll see it tested on the ACT. Our ACT math guides are tailored to reflect and demonstrate how each topic is presented on the ACT, so you won’t have to waste time reading and memorizing more strategies and facts than you absolutely need to. By studying the topic first (before diving right into all your practice problems), you’ll also keep your practice problems â€Å"fresh.† It’s no use throwing yourself against a wall of function problems if you’ve never studied functions in school- it will only leave you with no new material to study from once you’ve brushed up on how to actually solve function problems. Once you’ve refreshed your understanding of a math topic and learned what you need to learn, you can use your practice problems solidify the knowledge in your head and get you to where you need to be by test day. #2: When you do find practice questions, always try to solve them yourself first without looking to the answer. If you look at a problem and then look straight to the answer, you are not really solving the problem. The answer explanation might make sense to you and even make you feel as though you would have been able to solve the problem on your own, but this feeling can be deceiving. Solving a puzzle yourself and understanding how a puzzle was solved require two entirely different parts of your brain. Always (always!) try to solve a problem yourself first and commit to an answer choice, before you look up the final answer. Remember- you can only improve if you have an accurate picture of your current skill level. #3: Once you’ve brushed up on the topic, take practice problems in multiples at a time, as if you were truly working on the test. As you go through your practice questions, don’t solve questions one at a time and stop to look up the answer after each one (e.g., solve, stop to look up answer, solve, stop to look up answer, solve, stop, etc.). This kind of pacing does NOT give you an accurate picture of how you’ll do on test day and can hamper your progress. (Remember: you won’t be able to verify whether your answers are correct or not on test-day- you simply have to do your best and move forward on multiple questions at a time.) Even if you don’t always sit down to take a full test or a full math section at once, it is still better to answer two or three questions at a time and look up your answers at the very end than it is to simply answer one. #4: If you can use multiple solving methods on a problem, try all the different ways so that you can find the one most comfortable for you. Many ACT math questions can be solved in a variety of ways. Plugging in answers and plugging in numbers are strategies that work for many different types of math questions, but there are others as well. For instance, systems of equations questions can be solved by graphing, subtraction, or substitution, while sequence, polygon, and distance questions can be solved via formulas or by working them out by hand. These are just a few examples and each of our guides will go into further detail. The point remains that most every ACT question is purposefully designed to be solved in multiple ways and different methods work best for different people. Once you’ve finished solving your set of problems, go back and solve them again using a different strategy. Compare this to the first time- which method did you like better? Which was faster? Which made you feel the most confident in your answer? #5: Pace yourself (and your practice questions) Though it may be tempting to get your studying out of the way, do NOT cram all your studying in one go! Improvement happens over time, and you must pace yourself to get the most out of your prep time. In addition, if you blow through all your practice problems at once, you will not have anything else to work with fresh. Again, solving a puzzle yourself and understanding how a puzzle was solved are two very different concepts, so try to pace out your fresh material and your review material so that you can use both parts of your brain in your study prep. #6: Sign up for a test-prep program if you feel you need more material than the free practice questions available. If you feel you’ve exhausted your free study material, then definitely sign up for a test-prep program or buy one of the official study guides available, like the Real ACT Red Book. Not only can a prep program provide you with additional material, but can also help you make the most out of your study time. Our ACT study program at PrepScholar automatically targets your areas of strength and weakness and tailors your studying to you and your needs. No need to assess your patterns yourself- we’ll do all the work for you! And don't underestimate the power of a good nap after you're done studying. The Take-Aways The ACT is unlike most tests you’ll ever come across- it is long, comprehensive, and very specifically designed. Going into it blind (or poorly prepared) is difficult and rarely goes well. The more you can prepare, and the higher quality that preparation is, the better you’ll do. So make sure your study material always comes from the best sources and that you use this material to its absolute best effect while studying. Your goal is to train your brain to look at and solve puzzles in the way that the ACT wants you to, and most people can only do so with focused effort and practice. But always keep in mind too that the ACT is designed to be an achievable and trainable test. With the right practice, it is absolutely possible to succeed and get the scores you want. Once you know how to hone your focus and target specific areas to study, you’ll be mastering ACT math questions in no time. What’s Next? Now that you've looked at your ACT test-taking patterns, check out our individual ACT math guides to help you brush up on any topic that was less familiar to you. Running out of time on the ACT math section? If you found that you didn't have enough time to finish your ACT math section, check out our guide for how to beat the clock and maximize your ACT math score. Unsure about your ACT math formulas? Make sure you've memorized your most important formulas and then check out how to use that knowledge to its best effect. Looking to get a perfect score? Our guide to getting a perfect 36 on ACT math will help get you to where you need to be. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nursing - Essay Example These changes coupled with the escalating complexities of the ever evolving healthcare delivery system and the changing socio-political market has further heightened the pressure on nurses to be more responsible and accountable for delivery of quality patient care (Lenburg, 1999; Savage & Lucy, 2004:9). As the healthcare environment becomes more demanding with the increasing complexity and changing patterns of healthcare delivery, and the development and evolution of the nursing practice in response to the increasing health needs of clients, nurses are faced with the increasing pressures of decision making (Accountability in Nursing and Midwifery, 1997). In all these changes, what stands the same is that the nurse must exercise discretion and judgment in the management and supervision of patient care, in accepting or rejecting responsibilities, seeking consultation and even in assigning responsibilities to others who may carry out nursing care. With this increasing level of responsibility in patient management and care, the demand for nurses to be accountable for their decisions, judgment of discretion becomes more crucial for evaluating and improving quality of care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) A-Z Advise sheet on Accountability states that "registered nurses have a responsibility to deliver safe and effective care based on current evidence, best practice, and where applicable, validated research." (NMC, 2006:1). While the NMC code of ethics also states that as a registered nurse, "you are personally accountable for your practice. This means that you are answerable for your actions and omissions, regardless of advice or directions from another professional." (NMC 2002) These policies hold grave implication for the nursing management of patient care. This paper therefore aims to look at the subject of accountability, in the light of the related concepts such as responsibility, autonomy and authority and how it affects the nurse delivery, supervision and management of patient care in the adult branch of nursing. For a start, let us take a look at what the term 'accountability' entails. According to Savage & Lucy (2004), although accountability is not a recent concept, it has however evolved over the last couple of decades from "a matter of regular reporting to an explanation of actions and outcomes and, more recently, a justification of the values informing actions and outcomes"(pg13). They argue that despite the fact that the use of the term is increasing in frequency in management and policy making circles, the term is becoming more vague as it now appears to refer to an increasing number of phenomena. However, within the nursing context, accountability has been described in different lights, by different authors. For instance, while the American association of Nurses (ANA) described nurse accountability as being Answerable to someone for something one has done. It means providing an explanation or rationale to oneself, to clients, to peers, to the nursing profession, and to society. In order to be accountable, nurses act under a code of ethical conduct that is grounded in the moral principles of fidelity and respect for the dignity, worth and self-determination of clients (Accountability in Nursing and Midwifery, 1997). The NMC considers accountability as being "fundamentally concerned with weighing up the interests of patients and clients in complex

Persian Gulf Wars of 1991 & 2003 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persian Gulf Wars of 1991 & 2003 - Essay Example The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq was the first incident in history whereby two member nations of the United Nations were involved in an armed conflict (Carlisle and Bowman, 2003). This brutal takeover unfolded a series of tragic events that engulfed the two nations as well as the rest of the world and disrupted the peaceful world order. It divided the nations of the world into two groups, each trying to defend their respective allies in a desperate attempt to salvage the situation and uphold their political ideologies. Comparison between Gulf and Persian Wars of 1991 and 2003 The primary purpose of the first Gulf War (which took place in the year 1991) was to defend the sovereignty of a member nation (Kuwait) against the unwarranted invasion by Iraqi forces. The first war (of 1991) marked the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq while the second war marked the invasion of Iraq by a coalition of forces led by the United States, UK, Australia and Poland. The invasion of Kuwait was executed by the Iraqi armed forces at the behest of the then President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. Such invasion would prove to be catastrophic for the rest of the world since Kuwait, similar to Iraq, was an oil-rich country and the invasion would greatly benefit Iraq, resulting in the country being in possession and control of over 40 per cent of the world’s oil reserves. This fact alarmed the rest of the world and under the leadership of United States along with its closest ally - UK many other countries including and as varied as France, Japan, and Pakistan formed a coalition of forces and supported Kuwait in defending its sovereignty (Finlan, 2008). The key objective of the first Gulf war was hence to prevent the tilting of balance of power in favor of the oil-rich Iraq by defending the political territory of Kuwait, and restore the world order. The second Persian Gulf War (of 2003) also known as the Iraq War, was Post the defeat of Iraq by the coalition forces and the subsequent cease fire which ended in 1991; Iraq was obligated to allow inspections of its military units and research facilities for suspected development, use and possession of weapons of mass destruction. The refusal of Iraqi dictator to submit to such demands triggered the 2003 War on Iraq which served as a basis for political unrest within and without the borders of the Arab world. There were several efforts to disarm Iraq of its nuclear weapons through diplomatic pressure. However the failure to do so compelled the United Nations to allow United States led forces to use military power to achieve the political objective (Sidlow and Henschen, 2008: 373). The Palestinian-Israeli Peace Process: An Evaluation The Palestinian-Israeli peace process also known as the Oslo peace process refers to the decade old diplomatic efforts to restore peace and end the animosity between the two warring nations. The fundamental bone of contention between Palestine and Israel was the refusal of the Arab world to acknowl edge the existence of the Jewish state. The need for peace process arose from the rebellious behavior of Palestinians under the Israeli occupation, and their reluctance to cooperate with the Israeli government. There was widespread unrest among the Palestinians against the Israelis which began from the boycott of Israeli goods by the Palestinians, and eventually increased in scope and magnitude to burning, lynching,

What is the role of broca area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the role of broca area - Essay Example The region was named after a French neurosurgeon called Paul Broca who is responsible for the discovery of the role of Brocas area when he was examining the brains of patients who had difficulty in language. Anybody with damaged Brocas area of their brain will not be able to understand the language properly, but they will have difficulty in the speech formation and production. Another brain region called Wernickes area is connected to Broca’s area (Grodzinsky, pg. 7). The Wernickes area is also responsible for the understanding and processing language, and when the area is damaged, it lead to a deficiency of language but one fail to remember the details. Together with the Wernickes area, Broca’s area is located within the left hemisphere of the brain. Given its role in language production and understanding, Broca’s area has a perfect proximity to the motor cortex, therefore, the neurons from the Broca area sends signals to the larynx, to the tongue and finally to the mouth motor areas. The mouth motor area then sends the signal to the corresponding muscles which, therefore, facilitates the creation of sounds. According to a recent study on the functions of the left frontal gyrus in the verbal fluency, it is found that the pars opercularis (Brodmann area 44) sub-serves phonological fluency while pars triangularis (Brodmann area 45) is responsible for the semantic fluency (Grodzinsky, pg. 19). Being located within the frontal lobe of the brain, Brocas Area is linked to the human language and speech. Brocas Area is strictly associated with the production of language, it also has an important role in the understanding of language as well, and also deals with production of speech related actions and gestures. A person with damaged Brocas Area will suffer from Brocas Aphasia, which does not interfere with the way a person understands a language but will make the person have a

Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour

Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour The physical resources in a construction project account for a considerable amount of money and time. It is fundamental to the success of a construction project that these physical resources are managed and scheduled properly. Patrick (2004) comments that resource management is one of the most important aspects of construction project management in todays climate because the construction industry is resource-intensive and the costs of construction resources have steadily risen over the last several decades. Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient utilization of labour, material and equipment. (Hendrickson, 2008) It is the role of the project manager and site management team to ensure that the three main physical resources: labour, plant and materials, are managed efficiently and effectively. Failure to do so will result in delays and often expense caused by situations like resource shortage, resource queuing, poor plant productivity and poor labour relations. According to the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB), (2010 p67) the main roles of the project manager during the construction phase include; Ensuring contract documents are prepared and issued to the contractor. Reviewing the contractors construction schedule and method statements. Ensuring the contractors resources are adequate and suitable. Ensuring design information required by the contractor is supplied by consultants. These roles all include scheduling and management of physical resources, which include; Site staff and direct labour Plant Materials Information Sub Contractors These are similar to the 5 ms as specified by Griffith and Watson (2004 p118) When considering resources there are five factors to take into account (the 5Ms) Materials Manpower Machinery Money Management As labour constitutes a large percentage of the construction cost and the quantity of labour hours performing a task are more susceptible to the influence of management than are materials and plant, it is important it is managed correctly and efficiently. On this project Farrans manage many different sub-contractors who have a workforce ranging from 2 40 people, as these people are not under the direct control of Farrans management team it will be discussed in the next chapter Management of sub-contractors. The authors feel it is paramount to the success and profitability of a project to manage the workforce successfully as construction workforce especially in developing countries is not seen as an important input, although project labour generally make up the most variable and the largest percentage of total project costs(Journal of civil engineering and management 2008,p1). 3.1 Planning of Site Staff and Direct Labour Employed by Farrans Labour is usually planned for before the construction work begins using ASTA Power Project to construct a programme similar to that used to produce the construction program. By using this system it again allows the site team to highlight areas where a labour shortage might occur. In theory this program allows adequate time for the project manager to allocate more labour to labour intensive work; this is done by making a formal request to their head office team for extra labour. Ultimately it is the site mangers responsibility to ensure the site has an adequate workforce whether it is labourers or sub-contractors. The clerk of works also have an input and can offer their opinion on whether more labour is needed. At each monthly meeting a scheduled review should take place to determine the following months activities and to determine the resources needed. Farrans enforce and strictly adhere to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 regarding health and safety. They value the health, safety and welfare of all people on their sites and are only too aware of the dangers that construction sites pose. Also as the main contractor they realize that a severe accident can cause delay or even shutdown of a site. Farrans recognise the importance of training and basic health and safety awareness. It is for this reason, that they enforce a policy where only people who hold a Construction Skills Register (CSR) card or equivalent are allowed to work on their sites. The aims of these registration schemes are to raise standards of health and safety and provide recognition of skills, experience and qualifications attained. To ensure all workers on site hold a valid CSR card, Farrans make it mandatory to provide proof before any operative can start work. In order to ensure that this is being enforced by the main contractor we will monitor the site induction file and do spot checks to ensure records are up to date and anyone not holding this card will not be permitted to work on-site. 3.2 Daily Allocation Sheets Each day the site manager in theory should hold two labour allocation sheets (a copy of which can be seen in appendix 3).; One created by the site manager for Farrans direct labour and one created by each individual sub-contractor which is then passed onto the project manager. This sheet contains the tasks done each day by each labourer as well as the number of hours spent doing that task. At the end of the week these sheets are forwarded to Farrans head office via citrix system, in order to calculate labourers weekly hours and pay. These sheets proof useful in order to evaluate labour productivity on-site. It provides valuable insight into how long a task should take, and can be helpful in forecasting the amount of labour for the following tasks. It also allows the site manager to check if any labourers are slacking, for example if it took one labourer, 2 hours, to do task A ,on week one then it should take the next labourer a similar time to do a similar job. 3.3 Discipline Management of labour inherently involves disputes among direct labour and between sub-contractors. It is the job of the site manager to mediate these disputes unofficially but were site rules are broken staff will face disciplinary proceedings. These matters must be resolved quickly in order to remain focused and on schedule. If further action is required the case will be dealt with by Farrans head office team. This two 3.4 Holidays and Training Farrans like most Northern Ireland construction companies, offer employees two week holidays twice a year at Christmas and the July fortnight. When time off is required outside these periods a holiday request form must be completed which is held in the site managers office. This request form must be submitted with details of time off and must give at least two weeks notice. This notice is used to find cover. 3.5 Conclusion and Recommendations One area of labour Farrans could improve on is employees motivation. Farrans do not provide overtime payment for their Site management team. Staff sign a contract which says they will not get paid for more than 39 hours work per week. Therefore employees have no incentive to work extra hours and may feel obliged to work more than 39 hours which will reduce motivation, especially as periods of the construction project will require 60 hours per week with no reward. Another recommendation we would make is that Farrans hold meeting between rank and file workers and their management team. This motivates site staff and makes them feel part of the team, as often rank and file workers feel uncomfortable with their boss. A research study into construction labour motivation carried out by the business roundtable (1989, online) found that; Workers who are actively involved in decisions that affect them are more receptive to change, work harder as they develop more enthusiasm, become more loyal to the employer, do not suffer from job alienation, experience greater job satisfaction, and show increased morale and creativity. Employers benefit from better worker-management relations, increased productivity and increased profits. Appendix for Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour Print- Copy of staff time sheet Daily diary issue 1 Daily diary completed Record of site operations 4.0 Management of Sub-contractors Many large contracting firms rely heavily on the involvement of sub-contractors in order to undertake large scale projects. A study carried out by Karim et al (2006,online) found that As much as 90 per cent of the construction work is carried out by a variety of subcontractors while the main contractor tends to focus on management and coordination. It is common in the industry for main contractors to operate solely as a management team, coordinating and scheduling sub-contractors on site. Sub-contractors are often specialised in one area, therefore they have the tools, experience and expertise to complete their task. This cannot be said for the main contractor. Sub-contractors have specialist expertise, usually trade related, for the supply and installation of an element of the total works (CIOB 2010,p69) The benefits of using sub-contractors are plentiful; it enables the main contractor to spread the risk by sub-contracting different elements of the project to sub-contractors at a reduced price than what they originally estimated the work for. Using specialist tradesmen allows for a higher quality of work by using specialist tools and equipment not available to the main contractor. Sub-contracting reduces the amount of supervision that the site manager has to supply, it also reduces the number of personnel that the site team must manage. It benefits the site manager in that there is one single point of contact for each sub-contractor and task. Sub-contracting can reduce the administration costs for the main contractor, for example the main contractor is not responsible for human resources, staff holidays, direct training etc for sub-contractors personnel. However, it must be noted that the main contractor is still responsible for the health and safety of the sub-contractors, health and safety responsibilities are defined by criminal law and cannot be passed from one party to another by law. The success of any construction project can be directly influenced by the performance of the sub-contractors. Therefore the success of a project can be directly related to how the main contractor manages sub-contractors. This view is shared by Ronchi (2006) who comments The success of a project is, to an extent, related to the degree of collaboration and coordination existing among the actors involved The main contractor has the ultimate responsibility to deliver on cost, quality and time and therefore if is paramount to manage the sub-contractors and the supply chain effectively. Management systems must be implemented to ensure the smooth coordination of sub-contractors onto and off the site. This should be dictated by the project master programme, as outlined in section 2 of this document. The site management team must be capable of arranging sub-contractors to ensure this process is free flowing and continual. The disruption of sub-contractors site schedules can cause major delays to the project, the site team must make amendments to the schedule when delays do occur or when tasks can be brought forward. This can reduce friction between sub-contractors and the main contractor and promotes Cooke and Williams view that (2004, p280) Good liaison and mutual respect must be established as early as possible in the contract period as possible and maintaining contact with subcontractors helps to build up an early working relationship 4.1 Management system employed by Farrans Farrans operate as a management team on their site, with the aim to keep direct labour to a minimum. Farrans use strict programmes and meetings in order to control sub-contractors and ensure the sub-contractor is meeting quality, time and specification targets. In order to satisfy Farrans Sustainable Procurement Policy they; Request details from Sub-Contractors regarding environmental policies, management systems, environmental breaches, and assess this information as part of our Company approval process Use local suppliers and Sub-Contractors where possible to minimise the environmental impact associated with transportation and to support the local economy 4.1.1 Meetings Meetings are required to maintain effective communications between the project manager, project team and the other parties concerned (CIOB 2010, p230) Meetings are in place to provide; effective communication between the main contractor and sub-contractor, address problems as they arise and to review progress as work continues. Farrans use two types of meetings; start up meetings and site meetings. Start up meetings Start up meeting take place after the sub-contractor has been chosen for the contract but before the sub-contractor starts work on-site. The meeting is held between the project manager, site manager, site engineer and sub contract manager. However in some cases not all members must be present only that of the project manager and sub contract manager is required. The aim of these meetings is to firstly build a working relationship between the site team and sub-contractor. It also provides a way of outlining the scope of the task and ironing out any grey areas are areas of uncertainty before work commences. It is the responsibility of the sub-contractor to provide all documentation relating to health and safety before site work begins, documentation includes: Method Statements Risk Assessments Insurance Documents Construction Skills Register Documents of the workforce The meeting will also outline the attendances that are required from Farrans, as well as the time frame of their element of the project. It is the responsibility of Farrans to notify the sub-contractor when they are due on site it is therefore important for them to know how much notice they require before they can come to site. Site Meetings Once the sub-contractor has begun work on-site they must attend weekly site meetings. This meeting is held by the site manager, project manager, site engineer and all sub-contractors manager. Other attendees might be the quantity surveyor, architect, designers etc. This meetings takes place on site usually on a weekly basis, they are used to monitor progress. It is the responsibility of the site manager to implement short term programmes derived from the master program . These weekly progress meetings enable Farrans to address any issues regarding programmes, it is also a useful way for sub-contractors to communicate between each other to make sure they are working in sync and that any delays which affect a follow on trade are communicated effectively. Any delay identified by the site team will be discussed at this meeting. It is normal at these weekly meeting for an informal question and answer session to take place, where different sub-contractors can air any issues relating to the project, the result of these sessions are useful in projecting progress and allows sub-contractors to address their time schedule, for example if the plasterer start in one weeks time, and it will take the electrician ten days to finish their first fix then action needs to be taken whether it be, delay the plasterer or else use more resources and men to stay on schedule. A weekly progress document is drawn up either before or after these meetings, as part of this document any health and safety issues are addresses including any accidents, near misses or complaints. 4.1.2 Inspection of Subcontractors Work Monitoring the actual progress of sub-contractors can prove troublesome for the construction manager, where the construction manager has no experience in that field. For example construction managers have various backgrounds whether that be; site engineer, foreman or tradesman. A foreman may be competent in assessing progress of the interior fit out but unable to project progress of the structure. It is for this reason that Farrans employ several other members to work on the project. They are known as clerk of works specialising in different elements of the project. These are broken down into mechanical and electrical, externals and fit-out. As the construction manager has not got the expertise or familiarity with this specialised work the clerk of works act as sub-contractor co-ordinators. Once one element of the sub-contractors work is completed, it will be visually inspected by the clerk of works for quality and specification and either passed off or rejected. Once the work is complete and ready to be signed off the clerk, engineer and sib-contract manager will sign the specific check sheets. 4.1.3 Work Packages Work packages are used to effectively manage sub-contractors more easily. It involves breaking down each task on the master program into specific sections and sub-sections, to which sub-contractors are assigned. An example of Farrans works package breakdown can be viewed in the Appendix at the end of this section.Associate Considerate Constructor 4.1.4 Sub-Contractors Complaints On occasion a complaint may be made from the general public, regulatory bodies, the client or site staff. These complaints must be logged into Farrans complaint log as shown in the figure below. This has the benefit of making sure the actual complaint does not fall on deaf ears and also so that action is taken to resolve the matter. This is an effective way of dispute resolution and promotes ambience between the parties involved and Farrans. Farrans are a member of the considerate constructors scheme a recognised initiative under the construction confederation, this initiative was set up to improve the image of construction. Dealing with complaints is a vital section of this initiative and as Farrans are a registered member they are expected to deal in a considerate manner with any complaints or concerns resulting from the sites activities. A template of Farrans Complaints Log can be viewed in the Appendix at the end of this section. Conclusion and Recommendations Farrans use programming as an effective tool to manage and co-ordinate sub-contractors. They use a standard Gantt chart and work packages in order to effectively plan their work. The Gantt chart is employed by most construction companies and simplifies a complex program by outlining clearly start, finish and duration of each sub-contractor. This allows close observation of the critical path and any conflicts that may appear. After reviewing Farrans management of sub-contractors and reviewing relevant literature surrounding the topic of sub-contractor management the authors fell that Farrans have an effective framework running throughout their sites in order to mange and co-ordinate sub-contractors. The authors feel that start up meetings and work packages are useful tools which are not adapted by all large contractors in Northern Ireland. One of the authors spent a year working with McAleer and Rushe, a design and build contractor based in Cookstown, Nothern Ireland. The first interaction between the site management team and the sub-contractor was the same day the sub-contractor was due to start work. This caused some confusion in that the sub-contractors usually showed up unexpectantly and no arrangements were in place for their task. Often sub-contractors showed up with no health and safety documents and their workforce were unaware that CSR identification was needed. This shows what can happen if sub-contractors are mismanaged. As a well and long established leading construction firm, they have developed the necessary approach needed to avoid mismanagement of sub-contractors. Through years of experience they have adapted and fine tuned these methods in order to be successful. Appendix for Coordination of Sub-Contractors 5.0 Management of Materials and Waste 5.1 Waste Material waste has been recognised as a major problem for the construction industry, it has important implications for the efficiency of the industry as well as the environmental impact of the construction project. It is estimated that the United Kingdom construction industry uses 400 million tonnes of resources every year with 100 million tonnes ending up as waste (CIOB 2010). Research carried out by CIRIA (undated, cited in CIOB, 2010 p199) estimates that as much as 13% of all materials delivered to site end up in a skip without ever being used. The importance of waste management is demonstrated in England where it has become legal requirement from April 2008 to have site waste management plans (SWMPs) for all construction and demolition projects valued over  £300,000. It is ethical and has commercial value to prepare a SWMP for a development. The reason for this is to provide a framework for managing the disposal of waste throughout the life of the construction project. The rationale behind introducing a SWMP is to ensure that waste management is thought about from the outset and facilitate the selection of construction techniques and materials to effectively reduce waste. A SWMP reduces waste by relying on a plan-do-check-action, which follows the figure below:. Typically this action plan aims to reuse, reduce, recycle or recover materials on and off site and if none of these actions are suitable disposal is required. It is the principle contractors duty to enforce the plan as well as recording actual waste against the estimated figures, therefore checking the effectiveness of the plan. The document is the main contractors responsibility during the construction stage and should contain the following information: Ownership of the document Information about who will be removing the waste The types of waste to be removed Details of the site(s) where the waste is being taken A post-completion statement confirming that the SWMP was monitored and updated on a regular basis An explanation of any deviation from the plan An example of a standard SWMP recommended by the CIOB (2010 p72) can be seen in appendix 5. (CIOB 2010, p72) 5.1.1 Farrans Waste Management As part of Farrans waste minimisation police they have committed to: Prevent and/or Reduce waste Reuse materials Recycle waste Send minimum amounts of waste to landfill To fulfil this commitment Farrans have implemented waste management plans on all their sites to ensure good waste management and cultivated a work ethic and awareness of waste minimisation. An important aspect of waste minimisation is to try and eradicate it through design which Farrans do. Practically on-site Farrans reduce waste by organisation of the site layout which in return reduces waste caused by poor storage of materials, and prevents damage or theft where possible. The site has security 24 hours a day which again reduces theft. Sub-contractors are made aware penalties they face for producing excessive waste through bad workmanship and bad planning. 5.2 Materials Strict monitoring of materials is both beneficial to the main contractor and the environment by; Increasing profits Decreasing overheads Minimising waste and consequent disposal costs Useful Marketing tool Lessons for the future Complying with CDM regulations The CIOB (2010) believe that it is the duty of the project manager to not only monitor the projects progress but to also monitor any work undertaken by suppliers that have an independent input into the completion of the project. The contractor has overall responsibility for the management of the supply chain, the project managers duty is to ensure that the chain is managed efficiently to avoid potential delay or completion of the project. This is an important issue as it is often the case that problems further down the contractual chain are responsible for delays. One technique that the CIOB (2010, p230) recommend during planning is; The production of an outline construction schedule indicating the latest date for placement of orders (materials equipment contractors) and design release dates. However, it is not important that every material is scheduled, it is only when major construction materials and materials concerned with the critical path lack scheduling that a disruption will occur. Materials often arrive on site in three ways, on time, too early or too late with the latter often causing the most problems. Good scheduling will ensure that materials arrive on site on time. When materials arrive on site too early the main problem is with storage. Storage on a construction site will often be limited. Storing materials on site for long periods can leave them susceptible to damage due to weather or accidental damage and vandalism and theft. Handling materials more than once will also increase the likelihood of accidental damage, for example storing materials in several locations before arriving at the actual location for use. Materials arriving too late can cause a significant delay to the completion of the project. For example a week long delay in bricks will have a knock on effect to the fit out as the building as it will not be sealed on time. The contractor will then be liable for late fees for not handing over the development on time and will result in the client not being able to rent or sell units in the development. Cooke and Williams (2004, p364) state that The responsibility for handling materials, distribution around the site and fixing them in position belongs to the site manager, who is also responsible for material loss and accounting for excessive waste. 5.2.1 Farrans Material Management Materials Planning Before construction work begins Farrans complete a materials schedule included in this schedule is major materials needed for construction. Some elements included in the project at Carmonney, Northern Ireland are concrete and reinforcing steel. These materials are essential to the critical path of the project. Farrans schedule such materials in order to allow for the manufacturers lead in time and so that they ultimately arrive on site, before or just in time. Materials Inspection Farrans check the quality and condition of all materials arriving on site, whether it be materials ordered by the main contractor or sub-contractors. Sub-contractors materials are checked to ensure specifications are as designed. Material Orders Farrans record all orders of concrete and stone in an order book complete with a unique order number. This information is sent to head office and checked against invoices received from the supplier. All material invoices are also kept in the site managers office in case of any discrepancies between site and supplier. This is a form of control put in place by farrans to ensure all materials that are delivered to site are received and paid for. Materials being removed from sight are also controlled and have to be signed off. This is done for a similar reason to materials signing, to ensure the company only pay for the actual removal of site materials. For example when soil is excavated it must be removed from sites. Conclusion and Recommendations Farrans should ensure materials arrive on-site but not too early. Material and waste is not a massive issue on this particular project, the main material ordering is reinforced steel and concrete normally which are normally ordered to demand. 6.0 Management and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment Plant and equipment as well as the other physical resources represent a large area of expense on a construction project. It is also essential to schedule plant to ensure delay does not occur due to a piece of equipment not being on-site. Scheduling of plant is needed for items of plant not held on site. Similar to materials scheduling the main contractor must make a plant schedule dating periods of when other specialist plant may be required. Plant scheduling is arguably not as critical as materials scheduling due to lack of demand in hire companies caused by the recession. McCaffer and Harris (2006) estimated in 2006 that between 50 60% of plant used on projects was hired. Usually hire companies can deliver plant at short notice meaning delays are not often incurred due to lack of scheduling. Under the CDM regulations clients as well as contractors are accountable for the impact they have on health and safety. Therefore it is imperative that as project managers we try and control factors which affect health and safety on site as well as to the surrounding area. Most contractors are aware of the impacts plant and machinery has on the environment as well as the accident risk they pose. A contractor that owns plant must be prepared to provide maintenance and servicing of the equipment (Harris and McCaffer 2006, p145). Many firms try to avoid these costs by providing minimum maintenance which results in unexpected breakdown and delays. It is good practice for the main contractor to implement a system of planned preventative maintenance. The main contractor should ensure they keep the health and safety file updated with maintenance documentation for all items of plant on site. Also included must be the next required date for inspection and how frequently this must be carried out. It is the contractors duty to ensure all plant is continually inspected and maintained, it is also their responsibility to check that hired items of plant are in good working condition and regularly inspected and maintained to a good working order. The health and safety executive (HSE) require that all operators of plant must hold the relevant license to operate it. Evidence of this certification and any relating insurance documents must be kept in the health and safety file for inspection at any time. Noise generated from plant and machinery can often be unavoidable, but measures can be taken to restrict or reduce the disturbance. In order to ensure minimal disruption the main contractor should: Maintain all plant Uses noise barriers where appropriate Plans deliveries as to avoid early morning disturbance Uses alternative less noisy plant where available Scheduling of plant is needed for items of plant not held on site. Similar to materials scheduling we will require the main contractor to make a plant schedule dating periods of when other specialist plant may be required 6.1 Farrans Management and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment Farrans use the following procedures to ensure adequate maintenance of plant and equipment and also to ensure no delays as a result of bad plant scheduling. 6.1.1 Planning and Programming Site planning is needed to identify necessary items of plant required throughout the construction phase. It is the responsibility of the planning team to know what piece of equipment is needed as wee as the period of time it is needed for. The ASTA software used by Farrans can produce Gantt charts to illustrate each item of plant, length of time it is needed and for what dates. At each monthly meeting, mentioned in earlier sections, the coming months plant requirements are ev

Essay on Gender and School Violence -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most recent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson & Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. And for many children, particularly those who experience family violence early in their lives, school can often be their only safe haven. In 1992, over three million youngsters were reported to child protection advocates as possible abuse victims (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Thus, for many children in our society, schools are often safer than the environment where they live.    Aggression and violence are the direct result of learned behavior. Our society is full of examples of violence and aggression that unfortunately have become a part of our daily lives regardless of where we live, work, or play.    Our children are both the victims and, as seen from last year's headlines, the perpetrators of violent crimes. Although there is a sharp increase in violence among girls and women, females continue to be more often victims than perpetrators of crime in our society. In a Harvard University Violence Against Women class presentation, Nancy Issac and Deborah Prothrow-Stith reported that four million women in the U.S. are severely abused every year by their spouse or partner. And 26 percent of all females who were victims of murder were slain by husbands or boyfriends, while three percent of male victims were killed... ...rns of aggression against children in general, and girls specifically in our society.    Works Cited and Consulted Bachman, R. (1994, January). Violence against women: A national crime victimization survey report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Giroux, H. (1992). Border Crossings. New York: Routledge. Isaac, N., & Prothrow-Stith, D. Violence Against Women class presentation. Harvard University: Harvard School of Public Health. Johnson, J., & Immerwahr, J. (1994/1995, Winter). What Americans expect from the public schools. American Educator, 4-13. Noguera, P. A. (1995, Summer). Preventing and producing violence: A critical analysis of responses to school violence. Harvard Educational Review. 65(2), U.S. Department of Justice. (1992, October). The cycles of violence. Washington, DC: Author. Essay on Gender and School Violence -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics   Ã‚  Ã‚   The most recent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson & Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. And for many children, particularly those who experience family violence early in their lives, school can often be their only safe haven. In 1992, over three million youngsters were reported to child protection advocates as possible abuse victims (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). Thus, for many children in our society, schools are often safer than the environment where they live.    Aggression and violence are the direct result of learned behavior. Our society is full of examples of violence and aggression that unfortunately have become a part of our daily lives regardless of where we live, work, or play.    Our children are both the victims and, as seen from last year's headlines, the perpetrators of violent crimes. Although there is a sharp increase in violence among girls and women, females continue to be more often victims than perpetrators of crime in our society. In a Harvard University Violence Against Women class presentation, Nancy Issac and Deborah Prothrow-Stith reported that four million women in the U.S. are severely abused every year by their spouse or partner. And 26 percent of all females who were victims of murder were slain by husbands or boyfriends, while three percent of male victims were killed... ...rns of aggression against children in general, and girls specifically in our society.    Works Cited and Consulted Bachman, R. (1994, January). Violence against women: A national crime victimization survey report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Giroux, H. (1992). Border Crossings. New York: Routledge. Isaac, N., & Prothrow-Stith, D. Violence Against Women class presentation. Harvard University: Harvard School of Public Health. Johnson, J., & Immerwahr, J. (1994/1995, Winter). What Americans expect from the public schools. American Educator, 4-13. Noguera, P. A. (1995, Summer). Preventing and producing violence: A critical analysis of responses to school violence. Harvard Educational Review. 65(2), U.S. Department of Justice. (1992, October). The cycles of violence. Washington, DC: Author.

Interview with Colleen

For the Interview, I chose to Interview my good friend Colleen. I chose to Interview her because we became great friends during the fall of 2009 during an MET class at Greenfield Community College. The interview took place on February 1 1, 2009 after school at the Greenfield Community College library. I asked her several questions about her life and goals, and I learned many interesting facts about her Growing up she began to have a passion for working with horses. At the age of eight, she began taking rolling lessons and hasn't let that passion die. Enjoy riding and feeling the movement of the horse beneath me. When I ride, I feel like nothing can touch me it's just me and my horse. † Being homesteaded let her explore different passions she had. It gave her extra time to spend learning farm management at a local farm, also allowing her to pursue her growing passion for emergency medical care. While In high school she joined her local fire departments Junior department. â€Å" I found that I had a lot to prove joining the Northfield Jar.Program, I was about to embark Into a field that's considered a male dominant field ND me being a female, I had more to prove to my fellow firefighters. † Colleen knew at a young age that she wanted to follow in her grandfather's footsteps and become a firefighter. When asked how her family feels about her chosen career she stated, â€Å"My family doesn't accept my chosen career path. They don't understand why their little girl would want to run into a burning building when others are running out. † I asked Colleen how she felt about this, â€Å"It's something that Eve come to accept with my family.Thought-out life my parents never really supported me In any of my decisions that I've made, I just take it with a grain of salt and do what's best for me. † An example of how her parents don't support her decision in the fire service is recently she learned of Wild Fire Course in Languorous, Mass that after completing this course she would have attained her wild fire red card, which would enable her to be part of the Massachusetts Wild Fire crew which travels to California and many other western states during the summer to help fight the wild fires.When she asked her mother if she could attend this class her mother replied, â€Å"There is no way in hell I'm going to let my daughter travel to California and fight wild fires, I don't support you being on the fire department as is and you should be happy that you're on the local fire department, that should be go enough for you. † Colleen wants nothing more than to further her training and skills in the fire service and with her parents holding her back, she wonders If she will ever get the chance. Colleen Is currently active In academics and beginning her career.Colleen Is currently a part-time student at Greenfield Community College majoring in Fire Science Technology with a minor in Emergency Medical Services. She is looking for ward to finishing her associates degree and advancing her career as a Firefighter and an Emergency Medical Technician. In April of 2009, Colleen achieved her goal of becoming a certified Massachusetts Eve wanted since I can't remember when. Every time my pager goes off call, I still find it hard to believe that when I step out that door, I'm the difference between that errors who called 911 living or dying and to me that's a feeling that I don't think I'll never get use to. Going though the MET basic class Colleen sometimes found herself questioning her career path she had chosen. She would find herself second guessing herself and wondering why she went down this road. She wanted to at times drop the class, but she knew that it would only prove to others that they were right and that she didn't belong in the manly male dominate field of emergency medicine. She would have dropped the class if it wasn't for her current boyfriend a allow met/if, telling her don't listen to what others have to say, I know that you're going to make a great met/if and don't let anyone else tell you differently.With the backing of her boyfriend, Colleen went on to achieving and becoming a Massachusetts MET-Basic. After completing her associates degree at ICC, Colleen hopes to actively pursue and find a full time Job as a firefighter/met. Eventually going on and continuing her Emergency Medical career and becoming a paramedic. After graduation Colleen would love to find a full time Job as a paramedic/ airfreight for a local fire department. At some point Colleen would like to attend the Massachusetts Fire Academy in Stow, Massachusetts.After talking and interviewing Ryan Eve learned that she's not your typical kind of girl. Most guys I know wouldn't run into a burning building as others are running out. I have a lot of respect for her pursuing a career that is male dominate. With Ryan can do attitude I know that she'll one day reach her ultimate goal of becoming a paramedic. I wish hi m the best of luck wherever him career in emergency medicine and becoming a firefight